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CONTENTS 3DS MAX 2009 REFERENCE GUIDE Introduction What’s New in 3dsMax 9 Extension 1 3dsMax Documentation Set AboutMAXScript 1 Getting Started with 3ds Max Getting Started with 3dsMax ProjectWorkflow Setting Up Your Scene Modeling Objects UsingMaterials Placing Lights and Cameras Animating Your Scene Rendering Your Scene The 3dsMaxWindow Special Controls Managing Files Importing,Merging, Replacing, and Externally Referencing Scenes Using the Asset Browser Startup Files and Defaults 3dsmax Backing Up and Archiving Scenes Crash Recovery System 2 Viewing and Navigating 3D Space Viewing and Navigating 3D Space General Viewport Concepts Home Grid: Views Based on the World Coordinate Axes Understanding Views Setting Viewport Layout Controlling Viewport Rendering Controlling Display Performance 3dsmax 2009 3dmax 2009 3dsmax 7 3dsmax 6 3dsmax 2009 keygen 3dsmax 2009 crack vray 3dsmax 2009 3dsmax 2009 tutorial free 3dsmax 2009 vray for 3dsmax 2009 3dsmax 2009 serial 3dsmax 2009 trial 3dsmax 2009 vista 3dsmax 2009 activation 3dsmax 2009 plugins 3dsmax 2009 tutorials in 3dsmax 2009 3dsmax 2009 & 9 3dsmax 2009 & 1.50.r3.for.3dsmax.2009 3dsmax 6-2009 3dsmax 2009-2009 for.3dsmax.2009 r3.for.3dsmax.2009 treestorm 3dsmax 2009 Using Standard View Navigation Zooming, Panning, and Rotating Views UsingWalkthrough Navigation Navigating Camera and Light Views Adaptive Degradation Toggle Grab Viewport View-Handling Commands View-Handling Commands Undo View Change / Redo View Change Save Active View Restore Active View Viewport Background Dialog Select Background Image Dialog Update Background Image Reset Background Transform Show Transform Gizmo Show Ghosting Show Key Times Shade Selected Show Dependencies Create Camera From View Add Default Lights to Scene Redraw All Views Activate AllMaps Deactivate AllMaps Update During Spinner Drag ExpertMode Controlling Object Display Controlling Object Display Display Color Rollout Hide By Category Rollout Hide Rollout Freeze Rollout Display Properties Rollout iv Contents Link Display Rollout Object Display Culling Utility 3 Selecting Objects Selecting Objects Introducing Object Selection Basics of Selecting Objects Selecting by Region Using Select By Name Using Named Selection Sets Using Selection Filters Selecting with Track View Selecting with Schematic View Freezing and Unfreezing Objects Hiding and Unhiding Objects by Selection Hiding and Unhiding Objects by Category Isolate Selection Introduction to Sub-Object Selection Selection Commands Selection Commands Select Object Select By Name Selection Floater Selection Region Flyout Selection Filter List Filter Combinations Dialog Named Selections Named Selection Sets Named Selection Sets Dialog Edit Named Selections Dialog Select All Select None Select Invert Select By Select By Color Select By Name (EditMenu) Select Similar Region Selection Rectangular Selection Region Circular Selection Region Fence Selection Region Lasso Selection Region Paint Selection Region Region Select RegionWindow Select Region Crossing Window/Crossing Selection Toggle Edit Commands Edit Commands Undo/Redo Hold/Fetch Delete Groups and Assemblies Groups and Assemblies Using Groups Using Assemblies Character Assembly Group Commands Group Commands Group Open Group Close Group Ungroup Explode Group Detach Group Attach Group Assembly Commands Assembly Commands Assemble Open Assembly Close Assembly Disassemble Explode Assembly Detach Assembly Attach Assembly Assembly Head Helper Objects Assembly Head Helper Object Luminaire Helper Object Character Assembly Commands Character Assembly Commands Create Character Destroy Character Lock/Unlock Character Insert Character Save Character Skin Pose Commands 4 Object Properties Object Properties Object Properties Dialog Panels General Panel (Object Properties Dialog) Advanced Lighting Panel (Object Properties Dialog) mental ray Panel (Object Properties Dialog) User Defined Panel (Object Properties Dialog) Rename Objects Tool Custom Attributes Parameter Collector Contents v Parameter Collector Parameter CollectorMenu Bar Notes Dialog (Parameter Collector) Expression Techniques Expression Techniques Trigonometric Functions Vectors 5 Creating Geometry Creating Geometry Basics of Creating and Modifying Objects Basics of Creating andModifying Objects Using the Create Panel Identifying the Basic Building Blocks Creating an Object Assigning Colors to Objects Assigning Colors to Objects Object Color Dialog Color Selector Dialog Color Clipboard Utility Adjusting Normals and Smoothing Adjusting Normals and Smoothing Viewing and Changing Normals Viewing and Changing Smoothing Creating Geometric Primitives Geometric Primitives Creating Primitives from the Keyboard Standard Primitives Standard Primitives Box Primitive Cone Primitive Sphere Primitive GeoSphere Primitive Cylinder Primitive Tube Primitive Torus Primitive Pyramid Primitive Teapot Primitive Plane Primitive Extended Primitives Extended Primitives Hedra Extended Primitive Torus Knot Extended Primitive ChamferBox Extended Primitive ChamferCyl Extended Primitive OilTank Extended Primitive Capsule Extended Primitive Spindle Extended Primitive L-Ext Extended Primitive Gengon Extended Primitive C-Ext Extended Primitive RingWave Extended Primitive Prism Extended Primitive Hose Extended Primitive Architectural Objects Architectural Objects AEC Extended Objects AEC Extended Objects Working with AEC Design Elements Foliage Railing Wall EditingWall Objects Stairs Stairs L-Type Stair Spiral Stair Straight Stair U-Type Stair Doors Doors Pivot Door Sliding Door BiFold Door Windows Windows AwningWindow CasementWindow FixedWindow PivotedWindow ProjectedWindow SlidingWindow Shapes Shapes Shape Check Utility Splines Splines and Extended Splines Line Spline Rectangle Spline Circle Spline Ellipse Spline Arc Spline Donut Spline NGon Spline Star Spline Text Spline Helix Spline Section Spline vi Contents Extended Splines WRectangle Spline Channel Spline Angle Spline Tee Spline Wide Flange Spline Editable Spline Editable Spline Editable Spline (Object) Editable Spline (Vertex) Editable Spline (Segment) Editable Spline (Spline) Compound Objects Compound Objects Morph Compound Object Scatter Compound Object Conform Compound Object Connect Compound Object BlobMesh Compound Object ShapeMerge Compound Object Boolean Compound Object Boolean Compound Object Material Attach Options Dialog Terrain Compound Object Loft Compound Object Loft Compound Object CreationMethod Rollout Surface Parameters Rollout Path Parameters Rollout Skin Parameters Rollout Deformations Deform Scale Deform Twist Deform Teeter Deform Bevel Deform Fit Deformation Dialog Path Commands Shape Commands Compare Dialog Mesher Compound Object ProBoolean/ProCutter Compound Objects ProBoolean/ProCutter Compound Objects ProBoolean Compound Object ProCutter Compound Object QuadMeshing and Smoothing Creating Dynamics Objects Dynamics Objects Damper Dynamics Object Spring Dynamics Object Creating Systems Systems Bones System Bones System Using Objects as Bones Bone Tools Bone Tools Rollouts Bone Editing Tools Rollout Fin Adjustment Tools Rollout Object Properties Rollout (Bone Tools) Ring Array System Sunlight and Daylight Systems Sunlight and Daylight Systems Geographic Location Dialog 6 Transforms: Moving, Rotating, and Scaling Objects Moving, Rotating, and Scaling Objects Axis Tripod andWorld Axis Using Transforms Using Transforms Using Transform Gizmos Transform Type-In Animating Transforms TransformManagers Specifying a Reference Coordinate System Choosing a Transform Center Using the Axis Constraints Reset Transform Utility Transform Commands Transform Commands Select andMove Select and Rotate Select and Scale Select and Uniform Scale Select and Non-Uniform Scale Select and Squash Transform Coordinates and Coordinate Center Transform Coordinates and Coordinate Center Reference Coordinate System Use Center Flyout Use Pivot Point Center Use Selection Center Use Transform Coordinate Center Transform Tools Transform Tools Array Flyout Contents vii Mirror Selected Objects Array Snapshot Spacing Tool Clone and Align Tool Align Flyout Align Quick Align Normal Align Place Highlight Align Camera Align to View 7 Creating Copies and Arrays Creating Copies and Arrays Overview of Copies, Instances, and References Cloning Objects Techniques for Cloning Objects Clone Clone Options Dialog Using Shift +Clone Cloning with Shift +Move Cloning with Shift +Rotate Cloning with Shift +Scale Animating Shift +Rotate and Shift +Scale Cloning Objects Over Time with Snapshot Arraying Objects Arraying Objects Using the Array Dialog Creating Linear Arrays Creating Circular and Spiral Arrays Mirroring Objects Using the Spacing Tool 8 Modifiers Modifiers Transforms,Modifiers, and Object Data Flow List of AvailableModifiers Using Modifiers UsingModifiers Using theModify Panel Using theModifier Stack Editing the Stack EditModifiers and Editable Objects Modifying at the Sub-Object Level Using the Stack at the Sub-Object Level ModifyingMultiple Objects How InstancedModifiersWork World-Space Modifiers World-SpaceModifiers (WSMs) CameraMapModifier (World Space) DisplaceMeshModifier (World Space) Displace NURBSModifier (World Space) Hair and Fur Modifier (WSM) Hair And FurModifier Selection Rollout (Hair and Fur) Tools Rollout (Hair and Fur) Styling Rollout (Hair and Fur) QuadMenu for Hair Styling General Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) Material Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) mr Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) Frizz Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) Kink Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) Multi Strand Parameters Rollout (Hair and Fur) Dynamics Rollout (Hair and Fur) Display Rollout (Hair and Fur) LS ColorsModifier (World Space) MapScalerModifier (World Space) PatchDeformModifier (World Space) PathDeformModifier (World Space) Point CacheModifier (World Space) SubdivideModifier (World Space) SurfaceMapperModifier (World Space) SurfDeformModifier (World Space) Object-Space Modifiers Object-SpaceModifiers Affect RegionModifier Attribute HolderModifier BendModifier BevelModifier Bevel ProfileModifier CameraMapModifier (Object Space) Cap HolesModifier Cloth and Garment Maker Modifiers Cloth and GarmentMakerModifiers Cloth Overview ClothModifier Object Properties Dialog (Cloth) GarmentMakerModifier Troubleshooting and Error Codes in Garment Maker CrossSectionModifier DeleteMeshModifier Delete PatchModifier Delete SplineModifier Disp ApproxModifier DisplaceModifier viii Contents EditMeshModifier Edit NormalsModifier Edit PatchModifier Edit Poly Modifier Edit PolyModifier Selection Rollout (Edit PolyModifier) Edit Poly (Object) Edit Poly (Vertex) Edit Poly (Edge) Edit Poly (Border) Edit Poly (Polygon/Element) Edit Geometry Rollout (Edit PolyModifier) Align Geometry Dialog Detach Dialog Edit SplineModifier ExtrudeModifier Face ExtrudeModifier FFD (Free-Form Deformation)Modifiers FFD (Box/Cylinder)Modifiers FFD (Free-Form Deformation) SelectModifier Fillet/ChamferModifier Flex Modifier FlexModifier Spring Option Dialog HSDS Modifier HSDSModifier Adaptive Subdivision Dialog LatheModifier LatticeModifier Linked XFormModifier LSMeshModifier MapScalerModifier (Object Space) MaterialModifier MaterialByElementModifier MeltModifier Mesh SelectModifier MeshSmoothModifier MirrorModifier MorpherModifier MultiResModifier NoiseModifier NormalModifier Normalize SplineModifier NSurf SelModifier OptimizeModifier Patch SelectModifier PatchDeformModifier PathDeformModifier Point CacheModifier Poly SelectModifier PreserveModifier Projection Modifier ProjectionModifier Selection Rollout (ProjectionModifier) Reference Geometry Rollout (Projection Modifier) Cage Rollout (ProjectionModifier) Selection Check Rollout (ProjectionModifier) Projection Rollout (ProjectionModifier) Project Mapping Rollout (ProjectionModifier) Projection HolderModifier PushModifier RelaxModifier Renderable SplineModifier RippleModifier Select By ChannelModifier ShellModifier SkewModifier Skin Modifier SkinModifier Load Envelopes Dialog (SkinModifier) Weight Tool Dialog Weight Table (SkinModifier) SkinMorphModifier SkinWrapModifier SkinWrap PatchModifier SliceModifier SmoothModifier SpherifyModifier Spline IK ControlModifier Spline SelectModifier SqueezeModifier STL CheckModifier StretchModifier SubdivideModifier SubstituteModifier SurfaceModifier SurfDeformModifier Sweep Modifier SweepModifier Pick Shape Dialog Extract Shape Dialog Merge File (SweepModifier) SymmetryModifier TaperModifier TessellateModifier Trim/ExtendModifier TurboSmoothModifier Contents ix Turn ToMeshModifier Turn To PatchModifier Turn To PolyModifier TwistModifier Unwrap UVW Modifier Unwrap UVWModifier Edit UVWs Dialog Edit UVWs DialogMenu Bar Unwrap UVWShortcuts UVW Editor Dialogs FlattenMapping Dialog NormalMapping Dialog Pack UVs Dialog PeltMap Parameters Dialog Relax Tool Dialog Render UVs Dialog Sketch Tool Dialog Stitch Tool Dialog UnfoldMapping Dialog Unwrap Options Dialog UVWMapModifier UVWMapping AddModifier UVWMapping ClearModifier UVWMapping PasteModifier UVW XFormModifier VertexWeldModifier VertexPaint Modifier VertexPaintModifier VertexPaint Paintbox Adjust Color Dialog (VertexPaintModifier) Color Palette (VertexPaintModifier) Volume SelectModifier WaveModifier XFormModifier Painter Options Dialog 9 Surface Modeling SurfaceModeling Subdivision Surfaces Soft Selection Rollout Collapse Utility Editable Patches Editable Patch Surface Selection Rollout (Editable Patch) Editable Patch (Object) Editable Patch (Vertex) Editable Patch (Handle) Editable Patch (Edge) Editable Patch (Patch) Editable Patch (Element) Geometry Rollout (Patch) Patch Grids Patch Grids Quad Patch Tri Patch Meshes EditableMesh Surface Working withMesh Sub-Objects Selection Rollout (EditableMesh) EditableMesh (Object) EditableMesh (Vertex) EditableMesh (Edge) EditableMesh (Face/Polygon/Element) Edit Geometry Rollout (Mesh) Attach Options Dialog Cut and Slice Polymeshes Editable Poly Surface Selection Rollout (Polymesh) Editable Poly (Object) Editable Poly (Vertex) Editable Poly (Edge) Editable Poly (Border) Editable Poly (Polygon/Element) Edit Geometry Rollout (Polymesh) Subdivision Surface Rollout (Polymesh) Subdivision Displacement Rollout (Polymesh) Paint Deformation Rollout Editable Poly Settings Dialogs Bevel Polygons Dialog Bridge Borders/Polygons Dialog Bridge Edges Dialog Chamfer Vertices/Edges/Borders Dialog Connect Edges Dialog Extrude Polygons Along Spline Dialog Extrude Polygons Dialog Extrude Vertices/Edges Dialog Hinge Polygons From Edge Dialog Inset Polygons Dialog MeshSmooth Selection Dialog PreserveMap Channels Dialog Relax Dialog Tessellate Selection Dialog Weld Vertices/Edges Dialog NURBS NURBSModeling Working with NURBS Models NURBSModels: Objects and Sub-Objects x Contents Creating NURBSModels Working with NURBSModels Surface Trimming Modifying NURBS Models and Creating Sub-Objects QuadMenu for NURBS Objects Using the NURBS Toolbox to Create Sub-Objects Sub-Object Selection CV Sub-Objects and Point Sub-Objects Dependent Sub-Objects Rigid Surfaces NURBS andModifiers NURBS and Animation NURBS Concepts NURBS Tips and Techniques NURBS Tips and Techniques How toMake Objects with NURBSModeling How to Fix NURBS Objects How to Improve Performance Animation, Textures, and Rendering NURBS Surface Primitives NURBS Surfaces Point Surface CV Surface NURBS Curve Primitives NURBS Curves Point Curve CV Curve Creating NURBS Curve and Surface Objects Creating Independent Surfaces from NURBS Curve Objects Creating NURBS Curves from Splines Creating NURBS Surfaces from Geometric Primitives Nonrelational NURBS Surfaces Display Controls for NURBSModels Display Line Parameters for NURBS Surfaces Creating and Editing NURBS Sub-Objects Attaching and Importing 3dsMax Objects Common Sub-Object Controls Editing Point Sub-Objects Editing Curve CV Sub-Objects Editing Surface CV Sub-Objects Editing Curve Sub-Objects Editing Surface Sub-Objects Soft Selection Rollout (NURBS) Material Properties Rollout Creating Curve Sub-Objects Creating Curve Sub-Objects CV Curve Sub-Object Point Curve Sub-Object Curve Fit Transform Curve Blend Curve Offset Curve Mirror Curve Chamfer Curve Fillet Curve Surface-Surface Intersection Curve Surface Offset Curve U and V Iso Curves Normal Projected Curve Vector Projected Curve CV Curve on Surface Point Curve on Surface Surface Edge Curve Creating Surface Sub-Objects Creating Surface Sub-Objects CV Surface Sub-Object Point Surface Sub-Object Transform Surface Blend Surface Offset Surface Mirror Surface Extrude Surface Lathe Surface Ruled Surface Cap Surface U Loft Surface UV Loft Surface 1-Rail Sweep Surface 2-Rail Sweep Surface Multisided Blend Surface Multicurve Trimmed Surface Fillet Surface Creating and Editing Point Sub-Objects Creating and Editing Point Sub-Objects Point (NURBS) Offset Point Curve Point Surface Point Curve-Curve Intersection Point Surface-Curve Intersection Point NURBS Editing Dialogs Convert Curve Dialog Convert Curve on Surface Dialog Convert Surface Dialog Contents xi CV Curve: Close Curve Dialog Detach Dialog (NURBS) Edit Curve on Surface Dialog Edit Texture Surface Dialog Join Curves Dialog Join Surfaces Dialog Make Loft Dialog Make Point Dialog Make Point Curve Dialog Point Curve: Close Curve Dialog Rebuild CV Curve Dialog Rebuild CV Surface Dialog Rebuild Texture Surface Dialog Reparameterize Dialog Sub-Object Clone Options Dialog Select ByMaterial ID Dialog Curve and Surface Approximation Curve Approximation Surface Approximation Advanced Surface Approximation Dialog Surface Approximation Utility Surface Approximation Utility Surface Approximation Rollout Surface Display Rollout Tools for Low-Polygon Modeling Tools for Low-PolygonModeling Show Statistics Level of Detail Utility Index 10 Precision and Drawing Aids Precision and Drawing Aids Tools for Precision Helpers Using Units Using Grids Using the Home Grid Using Grid Objects Viewing Grid Objects AutoGrid Aligning Objects Aligning Normals Setting Standard Snaps Setting Snap Options Measuring Distances Measure Distance Tool Select AndManipulate Standard Helper Objects Standard Helper Objects Dummy Helper Expose Transform Helper Grid Helper Point Helper Tape Helper Protractor Helper Compass Helper Manipulator Helper Objects Manipulator Helper Objects Cone AngleManipulator Plane AngleManipulator SliderManipulator Grid Commands Grid Commands Show Home Grid Activate Home Grid Activate Grid Object Align Grid to View Snap Commands Snap Commands 2D Snap, 2 Angle Snap Toggle Percent Snap Toggle Spinner Snap Toggle Ortho SnappingMode Polar SnappingMode Grid and Snap Settings Grid and Snap Settings Snap Settings Snap Override Snap Options Home Grid Settings User Grids Settings Drawing Aid Utilities Drawing Aid Utilities Measure Utility RescaleWorld Units Utility 11 Space Warps and Particle Systems SpaceWarps and Particle Systems Space Warps SpaceWarp Objects Bind to SpaceWarp Forces Push SpaceWarp Motor SpaceWarp Vortex SpaceWarp Drag SpaceWarp PBomb SpaceWarp iv Contents Path Follow SpaceWarp Gravity SpaceWarp Wind SpaceWarp Displace SpaceWarp Deflectors POmniFlect SpaceWarp PDynaFlect SpaceWarp SOmniFlect SpaceWarp SDynaFlect SpaceWarp UOmniFlect SpaceWarp UDynaFlect SpaceWarp SDeflector SpaceWarp UDeflector SpaceWarp Deflector SpaceWarp Geometric/Deformable FFD(Box) SpaceWarp FFD(Cyl) SpaceWarp Wave SpaceWarp Ripple SpaceWarp Conform SpaceWarp Bomb SpaceWarp Modifier-Based Modifier-Based SpaceWarps Particle Systems Introduction to Particle Systems Particle Flow Particle Flow Using Particle Flow How Particle FlowWorks The Life of a Particle Introductory Tutorial Particle Flow FAQ Particle Flow User Interface Particle View Particle View Particle ViewMenu Bar Particle View Event Display Event Display Right-ClickMenu Particle Flow Source Particle Flow Keyboard Shortcuts Actions Actions Action Time Frames Operators Operators Birth and Death Birth Operator Birth Script Operator Delete Operator Transforms Position Icon Operator Position Object Operator Rotation Operator Spin Operator Scale Operator Speed Speed Operator Speed By Icon Operator Speed By Surface Operator Keep Apart Operator Shape Shape Operator Shape Facing Operator Shape Instance Operator ShapeMark Operator Material and Mapping Materials andMapping in Particle View Material Static Operator Material Frequency Operator Material Dynamic Operator Mapping Operator Additional Operators Cache Operator Display Operator Force Operator Notes Operator Render Operator Script Operator Flows Flows Empty Flow Standard Flow Tests Tests Age Test Collision Test Collision Spawn Test Find Target Test Go To Rotation Test Scale Test Script Test Send Out Test Spawn Test Speed Test Split Amount Test Split Selected Test Split Source Test Non-Event-Driven Particle Systems Contents v Non-Event-Driven Particle Systems Using Particle Systems Particle System Usage Creating a Particle Emitter UsingMaterials with Particle Array Achieving ParticleMotion Blur UsingMappedMaterials with Particle Systems UsingMulti/Sub-ObjectMaterials with Particle Systems Using Spawned Particles Using Interparticle Collision Spray Particle System Snow Particle System Super Spray Particle System Blizzard Particle System PCloud Particle System PArray Particle System PArray Particle System Basic Parameters Rollout (PArray) Particle Generation Rollout Particle Type Rollout Rotation and Collision Rollout ObjectMotion Inheritance Rollout BubbleMotion Rollout Particle Spawn Rollout Load/Save Presets Rollout 12 Animation Animation Animation Concepts and Methods Animation Concepts andMethods Animation Concepts Using Auto KeyMode Using Set KeyMode Spinner Right-ClickMenu Viewing and Copying Transform Keys Controlling Time Setting Time Segments Moving Through Time Choosing a Frame Rate and Playback Speed Working with Controllers Working with Controllers Understanding Controllers Changing Controller Properties Assigning Controllers Specifying Default Controllers General-Purpose Controllers Special-Purpose Controllers Explicit Axis Keys Float Controllers Controlling Transforms Controlling Position Controlling Rotation Controlling Colors Morph Controllers Motion Panel Commands Trajectories PRS Parameters Rollout Key Info (Basic) Rollout/Dialog Tangent Types Key Info (Advanced) Rollout/Dialog Animation Controllers Animation Controllers Audio Controller BarycentricMorph Controller Bezier Controllers Block Controller Boolean Controller Color RGB Controller (Point3 XYZ Controller) Euler XYZ Rotation Controller Expression Controller Expression Controller Expression Controller Techniques Layer Controller Layer Controller Animation Layers Layer Properties Dialog Create New Animation Layer Dialog Limit Controller Linear Controller List Controller Local Euler XYZ Rotation Controller Look At Controller Master Point Controller Motion Capture Controller Noise Controller On/Off Controller Position XYZ Controller PRS Controller Reaction Controllers Reaction Controllers ReactionManager Dialog UsingManipulators with Reaction Controllers Scale XYZ Controller Script Controller Smooth Rotation Controller Spring Controller TCB Controllers vi Contents Transform Script Controller Waveform Controller XRef Controller Controller Subdialogs Audio Controller Dialog Attach Controls Dialog (Block Controller) BarycentricMorph Controller Key Info Dialog Block Parameters Dialog (Block Controller) Master Block Parameters Dialog (Block Controller) Master Track Key Info Dialog (Master Point Controller) Slave Parameters Dialog (Block Controller) Track View Pick Dialog (Block Controller) Animation Constraints Animation Constraints Attachment Constraint Surface Constraint Path Constraint Position Constraint Link Constraint LookAt Constraint Orientation Constraint Wire Parameters Wire Parameters ParameterWiring Dialog Hierarchies and Kinematics Hierarchies and Kinematics Hierarchies Hierarchies Linking Strategy Linking and Unlinking Objects Linking and Unlinking Objects Select and Link Unlink Selection Adjusting Pivots Viewing and Selecting Hierarchies Animating with Forward Kinematics Animating with Forward Kinematics Using Dummy Objects Animating Links Adjusting Object Transforms Locking Object Transforms Animating Attachment Changing Link Inheritance Link Inheritance (Selected) Utility Animating with Inverse Kinematics (IK) Inverse Kinematics (IK) IK Terminology IK Methods Inverse KinematicsMethods IK Solvers IK Solvers History-Independent (HI) IK Solver History-Independent (HI) IK Solver White Paper: Swivel Angle of the HI IK Solver HI IK Solver Rollouts (Motion Panel) IK Solver Rollout (HI Solver) IK Solver Properties Rollout (HI Solver) IK Display Options Rollout (HI Solver) Sliding and Rotational Joints (HI Solver) History-Dependent (HD) IK History-Dependent (HD) IK Solver Binding Objects (HD Solver) Controlling IK Precision (HD Solver) HD SolverMotion Panel Rollouts HD Joint Settings HD Joint Settings Setting Joint Precedence (HD Solver) Using Default Joint Precedence (HD Solver) Choosing Child-to-Parent Precedence (HD Solver) Choosing Parent-to-Child Precedence (HD Solver) Setting PrecedenceManually (HD Solver) Terminating Chains (HD Solver) IK Limb Solver IK Limb Solver Spline IK Spline IK Spline IK Solver Dialog Spline IK Solver Rollouts Interactive and Applied IK Animating with Interactive IK Animating with Applied IK Joint Controls Setting Joint Parameters Activating Joint Axes Limiting Joint Action Hierarchy Panel Commands Hierarchy Panel Commands Pivot Pivot Adjust Pivot Rollout Adjust Transform Rollout IK IK HD IK Solver Rollouts Contents vii Object Parameters Rollout (HD Solver) Position/Orientation/Bind to Follow Object (HD Solver) Precedence (HD Solver) Copying, Pasting, and Mirroring Joint Parameters (HD Solver) Sliding and Rotational Joints Rollouts (HD Solver) Interactive and Applied IK Rollouts Inverse Kinematics Rollout Auto Termination Rollout (Interactive IK) Link Info Link Info Locks Rollout Inherit Rollout Track View Track View Working with Track View Track ViewWorkspace Curve Editor Dope Sheet Time Ruler Track View Shortcuts Track View Hierarchy Track View Hierarchy Hierarchy Right-ClickMenu Properties (Track View Hierarchy) Sound Options Dialog Track View Menus Track ViewMenu Bar ModesMenu Controller Menu ControllerMenu Collapse Controller TracksMenu Keys Menu KeysMenu Use Soft Select Soft Selection Settings CurvesMenu TimeMenu Options Menu OptionsMenu Interactive Update Sync Cursor Time Auto Expand Auto Select Auto Scroll Modify Subtree Modify Child Keys Manual Navigation Display Menu DisplayMenu Show All Tangents Keyable Icons Hide/Show Non-Selected Curves ViewMenu UtilitiesMenu Track View QuadMenu Track View Toolbars Curve Editor Toolbars Dope Sheet Toolbars Controller Toolbar Ranges: Dope Sheet Toolbar Extras: Dope Sheet Toolbar Filters Filters Dialog (Track View) Copy Controller Paste Controller Assign Controller Delete Controller Ignore Animation Range Respect Animation Range Make Controller Unique Parameter Curve Out-of-Range Types Add Note Track Remove Note Track Editing Keys Editing Keys Edit Keys Snap Frames Lock Selection Align to Cursor Add Visibility Track Move Keys (Dope Sheet) Slide Keys Scale Keys - Time Add Keys (Dope Sheet) Properties (Track View KeyWindow) Track View Utilities Track View Utilities Randomize Keys Utility Create Out of Range Keys Utility Select Keys By Time Utility Euler Filter Current Value Editor Edit Time Edit Time viii Contents Select Time Delete Time Cut Time Copy Time Paste Time Reverse Time Insert Time Scale Time Exclude Left End Point Exclude Right End Point Reduce Keys Edit Ranges Edit Ranges Position Ranges Recouple Ranges Editing Tracks: Copying, Pasting, and Handling Instances and References Copying and Pasting Items Copying and Pasting Objects Making Instance and Reference Controllers and Objects Unique Curve Editor Curve Editor Move Keys (Curve Editor) Scale Keys Scale Values Add Keys (Curve Editor) Draw Curves Show Tangents Lock Tangents Apply Ease Curve / ApplyMultiplier Curve Remove Ease/Multiplier Curve On/Off (Curves) Ease Curve Out-of-Range Types Multiplier Curve Out-of-Range Types Freeze Non-Selected Curves Status Bar/View Controls Status Bar/View Controls Zoom Selected Object Select By Name (Track View) Track Sets List Track Sets Editor Dialog Key Time Display Value Display Show Selected Key Statistics Pan (Track View) Zoom Horizontal Extents Zoom Value Extents Zoom Track View KeyWindow Zoom Region (Track View) Managing Track View Windows New Track View Delete Track View Delete Track View Dialog Saved Track Views Track View Customization Track View Toolbar Right-ClickMenu Motion Mixer Motion Mixer Using the Motion Mixer Using theMotion Mixer Adding Tracks to theMixer Importing Clips to theMixer Working with Clips in theMixer FilteringMixer Tracks Adjusting Clip Timing Working with Transitions Adjusting TrackWeight Adding TimeWarps Adjusting Biped Balance in the Mixer Exporting Animation to the Biped Using the Reservoir Motion Mixer User Interface Motion Mixer Interface Motion MixerMenus Motion Mixer Dialogs Mixer Clip Source Options Dialog Copy Biped Animation to Clip Dialog Reservoir File Groups Dialog Mixer Transition Editor Dialog (Biped Object) Mixer Transition Editor Dialog (Non-Biped Object) Pick Nodes Dialog (Motion Mixer) Transition Optimization Dialog Motion Mixer Toolbar Trackgroup Filter Dialog (Biped Object) Trackgroup Filter Dialog (Non-Biped Object) Motion Mixer Editor Reservoir Mixer Preferences Dialog Mixer Rollout Animation Utilities Animation Utilities Follow/Bank Utility Motion Capture Utility MACUtilities Utility Camera Tracker Utility Camera Tracker Utility Contents ix Requirements for Camera Tracking Camera Tracker: Movie Rollout Camera Tracker: MovieWindow Camera Tracker: Motion Trackers Rollout Camera Tracker: Movie Stepper Rollout Camera Tracker: Error Thresholds Rollout Camera Tracker: Batch Track Rollout Camera Tracker: Position Data Rollout Camera Tracker: MatchMove Rollout Camera Tracker: Move Smoothing Rollout Camera Tracker: Object Pinning Rollout Camera Tracker: Troubleshooting Dynamics Dynamics Utility Edit Object Dialog Edit Object List Dialog Skin Utilities 13 reactor reactor Introducing Dynamics Simulation Special Features in reactor reactor Helpers Rigid Bodies Rigid Bodies Rigid Body Basics Rigid Body Properties Compound Rigid Bodies Rigid Body Collection Constraints Constraints Constraint Concepts Simple Constraints Simple Constraints Spring Linear Dashpot Angular Dashpot Cooperative Constraints Cooperative Constraints Constraint Solver Rag Doll Constraint Defining Rag Doll Limits Hinge Constraint Point-Point Constraint Prismatic Constraint Car-Wheel Constraint Point-Path Constraint reactor Objects Plane Motor Toy Car Fracture Fracture Tips Storing and Accessing Collisions Deformable Bodies Deformable Bodies Cloth Cloth ClothModifier Cloth Collection Soft Bodies Soft Bodies Soft BodyModifier FFD Soft Bodies Soft Body Collection Rope Rope RopeModifier Rope Collection Deforming Meshes DeformingMeshes (Skin) DeformingMesh Collection Deformable-Body Constraints Constraining Deformable Bodies Fixing Vertices inWorld Space Keyframing Vertices Attaching Vertices to a Rigid Body Attaching Vertices to DeformingMeshes (Skin) Soft Selection Water Water Simulation Water SpaceWarp RenderingWater Wind The reactor Utility The reactor Utility Preview & Animation Rollout Havok 1World/Havok 3World Rollout Collisions Rollout Display Rollout reactor Utilities Properties Rollout The Real-Time Preview Scripts Frequently Asked Questions Troubleshooting x Contents 14 character studio character studio What is character studio? What You Should Know to Use character studio Understanding Biped Understanding Physique Understanding Track Editing Understanding theWorkbench UnderstandingMotion Flow Understanding Crowds Understanding character studioWorkflow Biped Biped Creating a Biped Understanding Biped Anatomy Changing Initial Biped Anatomy Naming the Biped Posing the Biped Scaling Links Rubber-Banding Arms and Legs Biped Display Options Deleting a Biped Linking Character Body Parts to the Biped Saving and Loading FIG Files Footstep Animation Footstep Animation Creating Footsteps Creating Footsteps Planning for Footsteps Choosing a Gait Creating Footsteps Automatically Creating FootstepsManually Activating Footsteps Deactivating Footsteps Understanding Footstep and Body Keys Editing Footstep Motion Editing FootstepMotion Editing Footstep Placement Editing Footstep Timing Editing Active Footsteps Splicing Footsteps Animating Legs and Feet Animating the Upper Body Adjusting Body Keys in Track View Shifting the Biped’s Balance Adjusting VerticalMotion Saving Footstep Animation Footsteps and Freeform Animation Footstep and Freeform Animation Freeform Animation Between Footsteps Converting Between Footstep and Freeform Animations Freeform Animation Freeform Animation Creating Freeform Animation Creating Freeform Animation Selecting Biped Tracks Animating byMoving Links Animating by Rotating Links RotatingMultiple Biped Links Using Controllers Using Props Freeform and IK Using IK Keyframe Parameters UnderstandingWalk Cycle Constraints Setting Keys for Feet and Hands Animating Pivots Animating a Quadruped Animating IK Attachments Editing Freeform Animation Editing Freeform Animation Editing Biped Keys Copying and Pasting Postures and Poses MirroringMotion Using Layers Editing Trajectory Keys Working with Biped Animation Working with Euler Curves on Biped Animation Working with XRef Bipeds Loading, Saving, and Displaying Biped Motion Working with BipedMotion Files Loading and Saving BIP Animation Importing and Exporting Animation Data MotionMapping: Retargeting BipedMotion Merging and Cloning a Character Combining BIPMotions Loading and Saving STP Files UsingMotion-Capture Data Correcting Posture Copying and Pasting Tracks Repositioning the Biped Previewing BipedMotion In PlaceMode Trajectory Display Display Preferences Biped User Interface Biped User Interface Contents xi Motion Panel (Biped) Center ofMass Motion Panel Rollouts (Biped) Assign Controller Rollout (character studio) Biped Apps Rollout Biped Rollout Biped Rollout Save As Dialog (Biped) Open Dialog (Biped) Display Preferences Dialog Track Selection Rollout Quaternion/Euler Rollout Twist Poses Rollout Bend Links Rollout Key Info Rollout Keyframing Tools Rollout SetMultiple Keys Dialog Copy/Paste Rollout Layers Rollout Dynamics & Adaptation Rollout Figure Mode FigureMode Structure Rollout Footstep Mode Rollouts FootstepMode Footstep Creation Rollout Footstep Operations Rollout CreateMultiple Footsteps Dialog: Walk CreateMultiple Footsteps Dialog: Run CreateMultiple Footsteps Dialog: Jump Convert to Freeform or Footsteps Dialogs FootstepMode Dialog Track View (Biped) Biped Color-coded Keys and Trajectories Biped Shortcuts Using the Workbench Working with theWorkbench Navigating theWorkbench SelectingWorkbench Tracks Analyzing Curves Fixing Curves Workbench User Interface AnimationWorkbench Select Panel Analyze Panel Fix Panel Filters Panel Using Motion Flow Working withMotion Flow PlacingMotions on theMotion Flow Graph Creating Transitions Creating aMotion Flow Script Saving, Loading, and AppendingMotion Flow Graphs Customizing Transitions Creating RandomMotion UnifyingMotion SharingMotion Flow Setting Up Paths forMotion Flow Files Motion Flow User Interface Motion FlowMode Motion Flow Rollout Motion Flow Graph Dialog Motion Flow Scripts Group Transition Editor Create RandomMotion Dialog SharedMotion Flow Dialog Transition Optimization Dialog Clip Properties Dialog Using Motion Capture Working withMotion-Capture Data ImportingMotion-Capture Data FilteringMotion-Capture andMarker Data Sliding Footsteps Prop Bone Motion Capture User Interface Motion Capture Rollout Motion Capture Conversion Parameters Dialog Motion Capture Batch File Conversion Dialog Marker Display Dialog Physique Physique Using Physique Creating a Skin Using Physique with a Biped Using Physique with 3dsMax Bones Using Physique with 3dsMax Objects Applying and Initializing Physique PreviewingMotion Envelopes and Vertex Assignments Envelopes Adjusting Default Envelope Shape Fine-Tuning Envelopes Customizing Vertex Assignments Envelope Display Options Working with Deformable Envelopes Working with Rigid Envelopes xii Contents Working with Both Deformable and Rigid Envelopes Adjusting Link Parameters Partial Blending andWeight Assignments Bulges Bulges Creating Bulges Setting Bulge Angles Fine-Tuning Bulges Tendons Tendons Creating Tendons Saving and Loading Physique Data Reinitializing Physique Settings Working with an Initial Pose Improving Interactive Performance Scaling a Character Facial Animation Physique and Modifiers Combining Physique with OtherModifiers Physique and Free Form Deformations (FFDs) Physique User Interface Physique User Interface Physique Rollout Physique Level of Detail Rollout Floating Bones Rollout Physique Shortcuts Physique Dialogs Physique Initialization Dialog Reinitialize Physique Bulge Editor Physique Load Specification Dialog Physique Initialization Rollouts Vertex-Link Assignment Rollout Cross Sections Rollout Sub-Object Options Dialogs Blending Envelope Display Options Dialog Exclude Envelopes Dialog Bulge Angle Display Properties Dialog Tendon Display Options Dialog Type-InWeights Dialog Physique Modifier Sub-Object Levels Physique Sub-Objects Envelope Sub-Object Link Sub-Object Link Sub-Object Link Settings Rollout Joint Intersections Rollout Bulge Sub-Object Tendons Sub-Object Vertex Sub-Object (Physique) Crowd Animation Crowd Animation Creating a Crowd System Creating Crowd Helpers Adjusting Delegate Parameters Assigning Behaviors Directing Delegates Obstacle Avoidance Changing Delegate Orientation and Speed Solving the Simulation Linking Objects to Delegates Cognitive Controllers Using Motion Synthesis UsingMotion Synthesis Biped Crowds Non-Biped Crowds Crowd Animation User Interface Crowd Animation User Interface Crowd Shortcuts Delegate Helper Object Geometry Parameters Rollout Motion Parameters Rollout Crowd Helper Object Crowd Helper Object Setup Rollout Setup Rollout Scatter Objects Dialog Random Placement Difficulty Dialog Object/Delegate Associations Dialog EditMultiple Delegates Dialog Associate BipedsWith Delegates Dialog Behavior Assignments and Teams Dialog Select Behavior Type Dialog Select Delegates Dialog Cognitive Controllers Cognitive Controller Editor State Dialog State Transition Dialog Behavior Rollout Behavior Rollout Behaviors Avoid Behavior Orientation Behavior Path Follow Behavior Repel Behavior Scripted Behavior Seek Behavior Contents xiii SpaceWarp Behavior Speed Vary Behavior Surface Arrive Behavior Surface Follow Behavior Wall Repel Behavior Wall Seek Behavior Wander Behavior Solve Rollout Priority Rollout Set Start Frames Dialog Smoothing Rollout Collisions Rollout Geometry Rollout Global Clip Controllers Rollout Vector Field Space Warp Vector Field SpaceWarp CreateMethod Rollout Lattice Parameters Rollout Obstacle Parameters Rollout Motion Synthesis Motion Synthesis Synthesis Dialog Synthesis Dialog Motion Clips Panel State Panel Synthesis Panel MotionClip Parameters Dialog Track View Pick Dialog ClipState Dialog ClipState Dialog Speed Panel Acceleration Panel Pitch Panel Pitch Velocity Panel Heading Velocity Panel Script Panel File Formats and Index of Procedures character studio File Formats Procedures 15 Lights and Cameras Lights and Cameras Lights Lights Name and Color Rollout (Lights) Using Lights Using Lights Working with Lights Properties of Light Lighting in 3dsMax Guidelines for Lighting Positioning Light Objects Animating Lights Light Include/Exclude Tool Light Lister Standard Lights Standard Lights Target Spotlight Free Spotlight Target Direct Light Free Direct Light Omni Light Skylight mr Area Omni Light mr Area Spotlight Photometric Lights Photometric Lights Photometric Lights: Preset Lights Target Point Light (Photometric) Free Point Light (Photometric) Target Linear Light (Photometric) Free Linear Light (Photometric) Target Area Light (Photometric) Free Area Light (Photometric) IES Sun Light (Photometric) IES Sky Light (Photometric) mental ray Sun & Sky mental ray Sun & Sky mr Sky mr Sun mr Physical Sky Isotropic Light Distribution (Photometric Lights) Diffuse Distribution (Photometric Lights) Spotlight Distribution (Photometric Lights) Web Distribution (Photometric Lights) PhotometricWebs IES Standard File Format Example of Photometric Data File Common Lamp Values for Photometric Lights Common Lighting Rollouts General Lighting Parameters Exclude/Include Dialog Shadow Parameters Spotlight Parameters Advanced Effects Rollout mental ray Indirect Illumination Rollout (for Lights) xiv Contents mental ray Light Shader Rollout Additional Rollouts for Standard Lights Intensity/Color/Attenuation Parameters Directional Parameters Atmospheres and Effects for Lights Add Atmosphere or Effect Dialog Hair Light Attr(ibutes) Rollout Additional Rollouts for Photometric Lights Intensity/Color/Distribution Rollout Linear Light Parameters Rollout Area Light Parameters Rollout Area Light Sampling Rollout Web Parameters Rollout Rollouts for Specific Shadow Types Advanced Ray-Traced Parameters Rollout Area Shadows Rollout mental ray ShadowMap Rollout Optimizations Rollout Ray-Traced Shadow Parameters Rollout ShadowMap Parameters Rollout Cameras Cameras Free Camera Target Camera Using Cameras Characteristics of Cameras Common Camera Parameters Using Transforms to Aim a Camera Using Clipping Planes to Exclude Geometry Using the Horizon toMatch Perspective Animating Cameras Multi-Pass Rendering Effects Multi-Pass Rendering Effects Depth of Field Parameter (mental ray Renderer) Multi-Pass Depth of Field Parameters for Cameras Multi-PassMotion Blur Parameters for Cameras Camera Match Utility CameraMatch Utility Camera Match Helper Objects CameraMatch Helper CamPoint Helper Two-Point Perspective Camera CorrectionModifier 16 Material Editor, Materials, and Maps Material Editor,Materials, andMaps Designing Materials DesigningMaterials Sample Slots andMaterial Name Material Type Shading Type Material Components Lights and Shading Choosing Colors for Realism UsingMaps to Enhance aMaterial Applying aMaterial to an Object Mapping Coordinates Saving aMaterial Material XML Exporter Utility UVW Remove Utility Material Editor Material Editor Material/Map Browser Copying and Pasting: Right-Click Menu for Materials,Maps, Bitmaps, and Colors Sample Slots Sample Slots Sample Slot Right-ClickMenu Dragging and DroppingMaps andMaterials Drag and Drop Sub-Object Material Assignment Creating a Custom Sample Object Material Editor Tools Material Editor Tools Material EditorMenu Bar Reflectance and Transmittance Display Sample Type PropagateMaterials to Instances Backlight Sample Slot Background Sample UV Tiling Video Color Check Make Preview, Play Preview, Save Preview Material Editor Options Select ByMaterial GetMaterial PutMaterial to Scene AssignMaterial to Selection ResetMap/Mtl to Default Settings MakeMaterial Copy Make Unique (Material Editor) Put to Library Material ID Channel Material ID Channel Flyout ShowMap in Viewport Show End Result Go to Parent Contents xv Go Forward to Sibling Material/Map Navigator PickMaterial From Object (Eyedropper) Name Field (Materials andMaps) Type Button (Materials andMaps) Animating Materials AnimatingMaterials Creating and Playing Animated Material Previews Synchronizing an Animated Bitmap with the Scene Material Editor Subdialogs Copy (Instance)Map Dialog Copy or Swap Colors Dialog CreateMaterial Preview Dialog Duplicate Name Dialog (Material Library) Merge Dialog (Material Library) MergeMaterial Library Dialog Put to Library Dialog RenderMap Dialog ReplaceMap Dialog ReplaceMaterial Dialog Update SceneMaterials Dialog Materials Types ofMaterials SuperSampling Rollout mental ray Connection Rollout DirectXManager Rollout Standard Material StandardMaterial Shader Basic Parameters Rollout Understanding Shaders Basic Parameters Rollout (StandardMaterial) Extended Parameters Rollout (Standard Material) Maps Rollout (StandardMaterial) Dynamics Properties Rollout BasicMaterial Shaders Anisotropic Shader Blinn Shader Metal Shader Multi-Layer Shader Oren-Nayar-Blinn Shader Phong Shader Strauss Shader Translucent Shader Basic Parameters for Standard Materials Color Controls Self-Illumination Setting Opacity Diffuse Level Roughness Translucency Setting Specular Highlight Controls Anisotropic Highlights Blinn, Oren-Nayar-Blinn, and Phong Highlights Metal Highlights Multi-Layer Highlights Translucent Highlights Mapping Standard Material Components Ambient ColorMapping Diffuse ColorMapping Diffuse LevelMapping Diffuse RoughnessMapping Specular ColorMapping Specular LevelMapping GlossinessMapping Self-IlluminationMapping OpacityMapping Filter ColorMapping AnisotropyMapping OrientationMapping MetalnessMapping BumpMapping ReflectionMapping RefractionMapping DisplacementMapping Raytrace Material RaytraceMaterial Raytrace Basic Parameters Rollout Raytrace Extended Parameters Rollout Raytracer Controls Rollout RaytraceMaps Rollout Raytrace Dynamics Properties Rollout Raytracer Global Parameters Rollout Raytracing Acceleration Parameters Dialog Raytrace Exclude/Include Dialog Raytrace Antialiaser Dialog: Fast Adaptive Antialiaser Raytrace Antialiaser Dialog: Multiresolution Adaptive Antialiaser Architectural Material ArchitecturalMaterial Templates Rollout Physical Qualities Rollout Special Effects Rollout Advanced Lighting Override Rollout xvi Contents CutoutMapping mental ray Materials mental rayMaterials mental ray Material mental rayMaterial Material Shaders Rollout (mental rayMaterial) Advanced Shaders Rollout (mental ray Material) Arch & Design Material (mental ray) Arch & DesignMaterial (mental ray) Arch & Design Material (mental ray) – Overview Arch & Design Material (mental ray) – Tips & Tricks Car PaintMaterial/Shader (mental ray) DGSMaterial (mental ray) GlassMaterial (mental ray) Subsurface Scattering (SSS)Materials Matte/ShadowMaterial Compound Materials CompoundMaterials BlendMaterial CompositeMaterial Double-SidedMaterial MorpherMaterial Multi/Sub-ObjectMaterial ShellacMaterial Top/BottomMaterial ShellMaterial Advanced Lighting OverrideMaterial LightscapeMaterial Ink ’n PaintMaterial DirectX 9 ShaderMaterial DirectX Viewport Shaders LightMap Shader Rollout Metal Bump Shader Rollout XRefMaterial Maps Types ofMaps Real-WorldMapping Output Rollout MissingMap Coordinates Dialog 2D 2DMaps Coordinates Rollout (2D) Noise Rollout (2D) Bitmap 2DMap Select Bitmap Image File Dialog CheckerMap CombustionMap GradientMap Gradient RampMap Flag Properties Dialog SwirlMap TilesMap 3D 3DMaps Coordinates Rollout (3D) CellularMap DentMap FalloffMap MarbleMap NoiseMap Particle AgeMap Particle MBlurMap PerlinMarbleMap PlanetMap SmokeMap SpeckleMap SplatMap StuccoMap WavesMap WoodMap Compositor CompositorMaps CompositeMap MaskMap MixMap RGBMultiplyMap Color Modifier ColorModifierMaps OutputMap RGB TintMap Vertex ColorMap Reflection and Refraction Reflection and RefractionMaps Flat MirrorMap RaytraceMap Reflect/RefractMap ThinWall RefractionMap Raytrace Map Rollouts Raytracer Parameters Rollout Raytrace: Attenuation Rollout Raytrace: BasicMaterial Extensions Rollout Raytrace: Refractive Material Extensions Rollout mental ray Shaders mental ray Shaders Contents xvii Custom Shaders for 3dsMax mental images Shader Libraries Shaders in the LumeTools Collection Connect Parameter to Shader Dialog (mental ray) 3ds Max Custom Shaders 3D Displacement Shader (mental ray) Bump Shader (mental ray) DGSMaterial Shader (mental ray) DielectricMaterial Shader (mental ray) Environment Shader (mental ray) HeightMap Displacement Shader (mental ray) Material to Shader (mental ray) Shader List (mental ray) UV Generator UV Generator Shader (mental ray) UV Generator Parameters Rollout Shaders Rollout (UV Generator) UV Coordinate Shader (mental ray) XYZ Generator XYZ Generator Shader (mental ray) XYZ Generator Parameters Rollout Shaders Rollout (XYZ Generator) XYZ Coordinate Shader (mental ray) Normal BumpMap CameraMap Per PixelMap Material, Mapping, and Vertex Color Utilities Assign Vertex Colors Utility Channel Info Utility CleanMultiMaterial Utility Instance DuplicateMaps Utility Index 17 Rendering Rendering Render Scene Dialog Rendered FrameWindow Render Output File Dialog Rendering Commands Rendering Commands Render Scene Render Type Render Bounding Box/Selected Dialog Quick Render Flyout Quick Render (Production) Quick Render (ActiveShade) ActiveShade ActiveShade Floater ActiveShade Viewport ActiveShade Commands (QuadMenu) Preset Rendering Options Show Last Rendering Render Last Print SizeWizard Common Rendering Parameters Common Panel (Render Scene Dialog) Common Parameters Rollout (Render Scene Dialog) Configure Preset Dialog Email Notifications Rollout Scripts Rollout (Render Scene Dialog) Assign Renderer Rollout Choose Renderer Dialog Renderers Renderer Panel (Render Scene Dialog) Default Scanline Renderer Default Scanline Renderer Rollout Advanced Lighting with the Scanline Renderer Advanced Lighting Panel Light Tracer Light Tracer Radiosity Modeling Global Illumination with Radiosity How RadiosityWorks in 3dsMax RadiosityWorkflows Animation with Radiosity Radiosity Controls Radiosity Rollouts Radiosity Processing Parameters Rollout RadiosityMeshing Parameters Rollout Light Painting Rollout (Radiosity) Rendering Parameters Rollout (Radiosity) Statistics Rollout (Radiosity) Lighting Analysis Lighting Analysis Multi-Pass Rendering Effects UsingMulti-Pass Rendering Effects mental ray 3 mental ray Renderer Rendering with the mental ray Renderer Getting Good Results with mental ray Rendering 3dsMaxMaterials in mental ray Renderings Enhancements to Standard Features Processing Panel (mental ray Renderer) mental rayMessagesWindow mental ray Concepts mental ray Concepts Ray-Traced Reflections and Refractions with the mental ray Renderer Shadows with the mental ray Renderer Motion Blur with the mental ray Renderer iv Contents Depth of Field with the mental ray Renderer Caustic Lighting Effects Global Illumination with the mental ray Renderer mental ray Volume Shading mental ray Displacement mental ray Contour Shading mental ray Renderer Rollouts Sampling Quality Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Camera Effects Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Caustics and Global Illumination Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Final Gather Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Shadows and Displacement Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Rendering Algorithms Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Translator Options Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Diagnostics Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Distributed Bucket Rendering Rollout (mental ray Renderer) Add/Edit DBR Host Dialog Ray-Trace Acceleration Parameters Ray-Trace Acceleration: Parameters for the BSP Methods Ray-Trace Acceleration: Parameters for the GridMethod VUE File Renderer VUE File Renderer Rendering Elements Separately Render Elements Panel and Rollout Render Elements Dialog Render Element Output File Dialog Blend Element Parameters Rollout Hair and Fur Render Element Lighting Texture Element Rollout Matte Texture Element Rollout Velocity Element Parameters Rollout Z Element Parameters Rollout Diffuse Texture Element Rollout Rendering to Textures Render to Texture Baked Texture Elements TargetMap Slot Assignments Creating and Using Normal BumpMaps Troubleshooting Normal BumpMaps Render to Textures Dialog Render to Texture Dialog Render to Texture: General Settings Rollout Render to Texture: Objects to Bake Rollout Render to Texture: Output Rollout Render to Texture: BakedMaterial Rollout Render to Texture: AutomaticMapping Rollout Render to Texture: Add Texture Elements Dialog Render to Texture: Projection Options Dialog Rendering Previews Rendering Previews Make Preview View Preview Rename Preview Panorama Exporter Panorama Exporter Utility Panorama Exporter Render Setup Dialog Panorama Exporter Viewer Network Rendering Network Rendering Basic Procedures for Network Rendering How Network RenderingWorks Starting Network Rendering Troubleshooting Guide Software Setup Setting Up Rendering Software Setting Up Directories Sharing a Directory Mounting a Directory Using Configure User Paths Network Job Assignment Network Job Assignment Dialog Job Dependencies Dialog Notifications Dialog Strips Setup Dialog Advanced Settings Dialog Batch Rendering Batch Rendering Quick Start Batch Rendering Using Backburner for Batch Rendering Batch Rendering - Batch Render Dialog Batch Render Tool - Batch RenderWarning Dialog Command-Line Rendering Command-Line Rendering Command-Line Rendering Switches Backburner Command Line Control 18 Effects and Environments Effects and Environments Environment and Effects Dialog Rendering Effects Contents v Rendering Effects Rendering Effects Command Effects Panel and Rollout Merging Effects Hair and Fur Render Effect Lens Effects Rendering Effects Lens Effects Rendering Effects Glow Lens Effect Ring Lens Effect Ray Lens Effect Auto Secondary Lens Effect Manual Secondary Lens Effect Star Lens Effect Streak Lens Effect Lens Effects Dialogs Circular Falloff Graph (Lens Effects) Radial Density Dialog (Lens Effects) Radial Falloff Dialog (Lens Effects) Radial Size Dialog (Lens Effects) Blur Rendering Effect Brightness and Contrast Rendering Effect Color Balance Rendering Effect File Output Rendering Effect Film Grain Rendering Effect Motion Blur Rendering Effect Depth of Field Rendering Effect Environment and Atmosphere Effects Environment and Atmosphere Effects Environment Panel Fire Environment Effect Fog Environment Effect Volume Fog Environment Effect Volume Light Environment Effect Exposure Controls Exposure Controls Automatic Exposure Control Linear Exposure Control Logarithmic Exposure Control Pseudo Color Exposure Control Lighting Data Exporter Utility Atmospheric Apparatus Helper Objects Atmospheric Apparatus Add Atmosphere Dialog BoxGizmo Helper CylGizmo Helper SphereGizmo Helper 19 Video Post-Production Video Post Video Post Queue Video Post Status Bar / View Controls Troubleshooting Video Post Useful Video Post Procedures Video Post Toolbar Video Post Toolbar New Sequence Open Sequence Save Sequence Edit Current Event Delete Current Event Swap Events Execute Sequence Configure Presets Edit Range Bar Align Selected Left Align Selected Right Make Selected Same Size Abut Selected Add Scene Event Add Image Input Event Image Input Options Add Image Filter Event Add Image Layer Event Add Image Output Event Add External Event Add Loop Event Filter Events Contrast Filter Fade Filter Image Alpha Filter Lens Effects Filters Negative Filter Pseudo Alpha Filter SimpleWipe Filter Starfield Filter Lens Effects Filters Animating Lens Effects Properties Flare Filter Lens Effects Flare Filter Flare Preferences Flare Glow Parameters Flare Ring Parameters Automatic Secondary Flare Parameters Manual Secondary Flare Parameters Flare Ray Parameters Flare Star Parameters Flare Streak Parameters Flare Inferno Parameters vi Contents Lens Effects Focus Filter Glow Filter Lens Effects Glow Filter Glow Properties Glow Preferences Glow Inferno Highlight Filter Lens Effects Highlight Filter Highlight Properties Highlight Geometry Highlight Preferences Lens Effects Gradients Lens Effects Gradients Gradient Options Types of Gradients Gradient Colors Layer Events Alpha Compositor Cross Fade Compositor Pseudo Alpha Compositor Simple Additive Compositor SimpleWipe Compositor 20 Managing Scenes and Projects Managing Scenes and Projects File-Handling Commands File-Handling Commands New Reset Open Open from Vault Open Recent Save Save As Save Copy As Save Selected Set Project Folder External References (XRefs) External References (XRefs) XRef Objects XRef Objects Dialog XRef Record List Right-ClickMenu XRef Entities List Right-ClickMenu XRefMerge Dialog XRef Scene XRef Scenes Dialog XRef Object Rollout Proxy Object Rollout Missing XRef Paths Dialog File Link File Link Working with Drawing Files File Link Tips Interpreting Layer Data from AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, or Revit Scale Synchronization File Link Manager File LinkManager Utility File Link Settings Dialog Basic File Link Settings Advanced File Link Settings Spline Rendering File Link Settings New Settings Preset Dialog Rename Settings Preset Dialog Preset Editing Differences Between Layers and Blocks in AutoCAD and 3dsMax Select Layers Dialog Resolve External Reference File Dialog Select Linked Objects Dialog Working with AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, and Revit Files Working with AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, and Revit Files AutoCAD Geometry in 3ds Max AutoCAD Geometry in 3dsMax AutoCAD Entities and Blocks in 3dsMax Resetting Transforms on Linked AutoCAD Objects Restrictions on Editing AutoCAD Geometry AutoCAD Architecture Files in 3ds Max AutoCAD Architecture Files AutoCAD Architecture Objects in 3dsMax Materials and Linked AutoCAD Architecture Objects Materials and Linked AutoCAD Architecture Objects Assigning Materials to Linked AutoCAD Architecture Objects Making Changes to AutoCAD Architecture Materials UVW Mapping in AutoCAD Architecture Objects Drawings Exported from Revit in 3ds Max Drawings Exported from Revit Revit Elements in 3dsMax Suggested Settings and Workflow Suggested Settings for Revit Projects Contents vii Suggested Workflow for Revit to 3ds Max Projects Materials and Linked Revit Objects Materials and Linked Revit Objects ApplyingMaterials to Linked Revit Objects Editing RevitMaterials in 3dsMax UVWMapping on Revit Elements Using RevitMaterials on 3dsMax Geometry Instanced Objects, Blocks, and Styles Instanced Objects, Elements, Blocks and Styles Instanced Objects Family Elements Blocks Styles Merge Merge File Dialog Merge Animation Replace Saving and Loading Animation Saving and Loading Animation Load Animation Save Animation Map Animation Dialog MotionMapping Parameters Rollout Map Track to Track Rollout Retargeting Rollout Import Export Export Selected Asset Tracking Asset Tracking Asset Tracking Dialog Global Settings and Defaults for Bitmap Proxies Dialog Prompts Dialog Asset Tracking Dialog Icons Archive Summary Info File Properties View Image File Exit Missing External Files Dialog File-Handling Utilities Asset Browser Utility Bitmap/Photometric Path Editor Utility MAX File Finder Utility Resource Collector Utility Fix Ambient Utility Bitmap Pager Statistics Dialog Asset Browser Subdialogs Preferences Dialog (Asset Browser) Internet Download Dialog Favorite Location Dialog Bitmap Path Editor Subdialogs Bitmap / Photometric Path Editor Dialog Resource Information Dialog Scene States Scene States Manage Scene States Dialog Internet Access Internet Access i-drop Indicator Geometry File Formats Geometry File Formats Importing Geometry Working with MAX Files from Autodesk VIZ Working withMAX Files from Autodesk VIZ VIZ Render (DRF) Files VIZ Render (DRF) Files Working with DRF Files in 3dsMax 3D Studio Mesh (3DS, PRJ) Files Importing 3DS Files Importing PRJ Files Exporting to 3DS 3D Studio Shape (SHP) Files Importing SHP Files Adobe Illustrator (AI) Files Importing Adobe Illustrator 88 Files Exporting to Adobe Illustrator ASCII (ASC, ASE) Files Exporting to ASCII AutoCAD (DWG) Files Importing AutoCAD Drawing Files DWG/DXF Import: Geometry Panel DWG/DXF Import: Layers Panel DWG/DXF Import: Spline Rendering Panel Legacy AutoCAD Import Exporting AutoCAD DWG Files AutoCAD Interchange (DXF) Files Importing DXF Files Exporting to DXF Files Autodesk Inventor Files Importing Autodesk Inventor Files DWF Files Exporting 3D DWF Files FBX Files IGES Files Overview of IGES in 3dsMax viii Contents IGES Log Files Importing IGES Files IGES to 3dsMax Import Table Exporting IGES Files 3dsMax to IGES Export Table JSR-184 Files Exporting JSR-184 Files JSR-184 Texture Tool JSR-184 Object Parameters JSR-184 Log Files JSR-184 Standalone Player LandXML (XML, DEM) Files Importing LandXML/DEMModels LandXML/DEMModel Import Dialog Lightscape Files Exporting Lightscape Files Importing Lightscape Files LightscapeMaterials Utility Motion Analysis Files (HTR/HTR2, TRC) Importing HTR/HTR2 Files Importing TRC Files Exporting HTR/HTR2 Files Shockwave Files (W3D) Exporting to Shockwave 3D Shockwave 3D Scene Export Options Dialog Shockwave 3D Export Preview Shockwave 3D File AnalysisWindow Stereolithography (STL) Files Importing STL Files Exporting to STL Wavefront (OBJ, MTL) Files ImportingWavefront (OBJ,MTL) Files ExportingWavefront Object (OBJ) Files ExportingWavefrontMaterial (MTL) Files VRML Files Importing VRML Files Exporting to VRML97 VRML97 Export VRML97 Export VRML97 Tips VRML97 Specification VRML97 Helper Objects VRML97 Helper Objects Anchor VRML97 Helper ProxSensor VRML97 Helper NavInfo VRML97 Helper Fog VRML97 Helper Sound VRML97 Helper LOD VRML97 Helper TouchSensor VRML97 Helper TimeSensor VRML97 Helper Background VRML97 Helper AudioClip VRML97 Helper Billboard VRML97 Helper Inline VRML97 Helper Image File Formats Image File Formats AVI Files BMP Files CIN (Kodak Cineon) Files CWS (CombustionWorkspace) Files DDS Files EPS and PS (Encapsulated PostScript) Files GIF Files HDRI Files IFL File Format IFL Files Image File List Control Dialog IFLManager Utility IMSQ Files JPEG Files MOV (QuickTimeMovie) Files MPEG Files OpenEXR Files OpenEXR Files Saving OpenEXR Files Opening OpenEXR Files PIC Files PNG Files PSD Files RLA Files RPF Files RGB (SGI Image) Files TGA (Targa) Files TIFF Files YUV Files RAM Player RAMPlayer RAMPlayer Configuration Dialog Schematic View Schematic View Using Schematic View Schematic ViewMenus Schematic View List Views Schematic View Preferences Dialog Schematic View Toolbars Schematic View Display Floater Schematic View Commands Contents ix New Schematic View Delete Schematic View Saved Schematic Views Schematic View Selection Right-ClickMenu Layers Using Layers to Organize a Scene LayerManager Layer Properties Dialog Layer List Create New Layer Add Selection to Current Layer Select Objects in Current Layer Set Current Layer to Selection’s Layer 21 User Interface User Interface Additional Keyboard Commands Toggling Dialogs Starting 3dsMax from the Command Line Menu Bar Menu Bar FileMenu EditMenu ToolsMenu GroupMenu ViewsMenu CreateMenu ModifiersMenu reactorMenu AnimationMenu Graph EditorsMenu RenderingMenu CustomizeMenu MAXScript Interface HelpMenu Toolbars Toolbars Main Toolbar Axis Constraints Toolbar Layers Toolbar reactor Toolbar Extras Toolbar Render Shortcuts Toolbar Snaps Toolbar Animation Layers Toolbar Brush Presets Toolbar Brush PresetManager Right-ClickMenu for Scripted Toolbar Buttons Quad Menu QuadMenu Additional QuadMenus Animation QuadMenu Status Bar Controls Status Bar Controls Prompt Line MAXScriptMini Listener Status Line Time Slider Track Bar Selection Lock Toggle Coordinate Display Grid Setting Display Time Tag Add Time Tag Dialog Edit Time Tag Dialog Communication Center Communication Center Using Communication Center Configuring Communication Center Refreshing the Content Receive New Information Notifications Animation and Time Controls Animation and Time Controls Auto Key AnimationMode Set Key AnimationMode Default In/Out Tangents For New Keys Go To Start Previous Frame/Key Play/Stop Next Frame/Key Go To End Current Frame (Go To Frame) KeyMode Time Configuration Viewport Controls Viewport Controls Viewport Right-ClickMenu Viewport Navigation Viewport Navigation Controls Available in All Viewports Zoom Extents All, Zoom Extents All Selected Maximize Viewport Toggle Walkthrough Controls for Perspective and Camera Viewports Pan/Truck andWalkthrough Flyout Walk Through Button Perspective and Orthographic Viewport Controls x Contents Perspective and Orthographic Viewport Controls Zoom Viewport Zoom All Zoom Extents / Zoom Extents Selected Field of View Flyout Field-of-View Button Zoom Region Pan View Arc Rotate Flyout Arc Rotate, Arc Rotate Selected, Arc Rotate Sub-Object Camera Viewport Controls Camera Viewport Controls Dolly Camera, Target, or Both Perspective Roll Camera Truck Camera Orbit/Pan Camera Light Viewport Controls Light Viewport Controls Dolly Light, Target, or Both Light Hotspot Roll Light Light Falloff Truck Light Orbit/Pan Light Command Panel Command Panel Object Name andWireframe Color Create Panel Create Panel Modify Panel Modify Panel Modifier Stack Controls Modifier Stack Right-ClickMenu Make Unique Modifier SetsMenu ConfigureModifier Sets Dialog Hierarchy Panel Motion Panel Motion Panel Assign Controller Rollout Display Panel Display Panel Display Floater Utilities Panel Utilities Panel Utilities Dialog Configure Button Sets Dialog MAXScript Interface MAXScript Interface New Script Open Script Run Script MAXScript Listener Macro Recorder Visual MAXScript Utility (See MAXScript Reference) MAXScript Debugger Dialog Running Scripts from the Command Line 22 Customizing the User Interface Customizing the User Interface Useful Customization Techniques Customize Display Right-ClickMenu Show UI Lock UI Layout Plug-InManager Custom UI and Defaults Switcher Market-Specific Defaults COM/DCOMServer Control Utility Customize User Interface Dialog Customize User Interface Dialog Keyboard Panel Toolbars Panel Quads Panel Menus Panel Colors Panel Advanced QuadMenu Options Edit Button Appearance Dialog Saving and Loading Custom User Interfaces Saving and Loading Custom User Interfaces Load Custom UI Scheme Save Custom UI Scheme Revert to Startup Layout Configure Paths Configure Paths Configure User Paths Configure System Paths File I/O Path Configuration External Path Configuration XRefs Path Configuration System Paths 3rd Party Plug-Ins Path Configuration Network Plug-In Configuration Preferences Preferences Contents xi General Preferences File Preferences Viewport Preferences Gamma and LUT Preferences Rendering Preferences Animation Preferences Inverse Kinematics Preferences Gizmos Preferences MAXScript Preferences Radiosity Preferences mental ray Preferences Graphics Driver Setup Graphics Driver Setup Dialog Configure Driver Configure Software Display Driver Dialog Configure OpenGL Dialog Direct3D Driver Setup Dialog Configure Direct3D Dialog MIDI Time Slider Control Setup MIDI Time Slider Control Setup Dialog Units Setup Units Setup Dialog System Unit Setup Dialog File Load: Units Mismatch Dialog Viewport Configuration Viewport Configuration RenderingMethod Viewport Layout Safe Frames Adaptive Degradation Options Regions Statistics Entering Commands by Using Mouse Strokes Strokes Defining Strokes Reviewing and Editing Strokes Stroke Preferences Dialog Strokes Utility 23 Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard Shortcut Override Toggle A Using the Online Reference B Troubleshooting 3ds Max Glossary Index